Categories: Energy
Topics: General Energy

Bruce Edgelow: Which New Technologies Will Increase Oil Recovery Margins?

Credit lines are critical for small- and mid-cap oil and gas explorers. For nearly 40 years, ATB Financial Energy Group Vice President Bruce Edgelow has made it his business to provide non-dilutive cash for growing energy companies. At the recent SEPAC Oil & Gas Investor Showcase in Calgary, and in this exclusive interview with The Energy Report, Bruce reveals some of the advances changing the bottom line for smart investors.

The Energy Report: When you were speaking with your friends and clients at the Small Explorers and Producers Association of Canada (SEPAC) Showcase a few weeks ago, what were the issues they wanted to discuss?

Bruce Edgelow: In most cases, the comments centered on the encouraging application of new technologies that have transformed the resources-versus-reserves landscape. The revised view reflects the idea that broader oil and gas (O&G) resources may be available for extraction over time, if enough capital is available. We can now go into a reservoir and apply different completion processes to take advantage of a whole new technology frontier. That would be one thing.

Attendees were also interested in hearing more about the service industry's capacity going forward. How would we manage if both commodities, natural gas and oil, experienced an uptick in prices? Could we actually fund growth through the use of services? There's growing concern that the industry doesn't have enough human capital to deploy on equipment. The services industry is starting to be really pressured with respect to having the right people and talent with the right supervisory skills on the drill rigs.

Merger opportunities have also been a hot topic. One of the notations I made in the presentation was about the size of asset the equity investor is seeking. In the past, we often talked about 1,000 barrels per day (bpd) in order to be a starting junior; but now investors probably need 5,000 bpd with a good management team that has run both oil-weighted and gas-reserve opportunities.

The other general conversation is the need to grow. We are a fast-depleting resource industry. On average, we are depleting our resources at 15%–20% standing still—even if we don't show up. Whether we're public or private, there's a desire to be able to grow incrementally versus the depletion rate that's taking place. How do you then grow yourself over and above that and provide attractive returns to investors? So, some of these are new discussions, but a lot of them are ones that we have every year because they are ongoing strategic issues.

TER: Bruce, the large gas producers can make about a buck per thousand cubic feet (Tcf) of natural gas in the $4–$5/Tcf range. But, as you told the group at SEPAC, summer's going to be a very tough time for juniors. What are you telling the smaller guys? How do they survive such low natural gas prices?

BE: We've been in this price regime for the last 18 months, and the reality is that those discussions have been going on for quite some time. It's not a change. In this community, there's a lot of patience in terms of not forcing assets up for sale. By doing so, we would just drag the whole marketplace down. Collectively, the view is that we are closer to a recovery; however, we may still have a long way to go. So, we have been hard at work reducing general and administrative (G&A) expenses at stranded companies in the natural gas-producer community to attract expansion investment, even if it's at the margin.

But it's very difficult. Entrenchment creeps in to executive mindsets, which limits the willingness to sell at a reduced price, thereby eliminating their jobs at a time when it might be difficult to raise funds and start again. While we may be closer to natural gas-price recovery, we can't avoid the reality of a low summer gas environment.

We're touching base with a few of these entities on a quarterly basis just to make sure that the strategy we outlined 12 or 18 months ago is still underway. To be honest, it's just a continuation of something that we've been at for the last two summers.

TER: Are you open to carrying or helping a client through these low points?

BE: Absolutely, and this is shared across the broader lending community. I could point to a variety of files, public or private, where we've hung in there and demonstrated phenomenal support. This is driven by the reality that you have to put out an inordinate amount of new capital to offset losses. We can never charge enough to recover an absolute loss on the debt portfolio.

By cashing-in on a low-price environment, you just create a new bottom or new low watermark for the price of the reserves. So, if you can provide a sense of reasonableness to the broader community of being able to work with the companies through this process, you will forestall any scavenger attempts by the stronger entities. With a growing sense that we'll start to come out the other side on natural gas in the next 12–18 months, there's no incentive for us to create a new bottom.

TER: That brings to mind a question. Does ATB ever take an equity position in companies, or would that be totally outside your business model?

BE: We have provided a significant amount of patience and support to a stalled, public nat gas junior over the past two years. We recognized that cash was dear to the company and instrumental to growing its reserve base, so we took equity back in payment of fees that were due to us. In the first case, it was warrants to purchase shares. In the second case, it was straight out issuance of shares. This structure gave the company time to develop an oil story. We were cognizant of where cash was needed, and we took some equity back. That was a new one for us. When I was at another financial institution, those situations were more common.

TER: The energy-lending business in Canada reached $25 billion by the end of October 2010. That's up from $14B in 2005—a near 80% increase. Your firm, ATB, has a $5.3B portfolio, which works out to a significant chunk of the Canadian energy debt. What accounts for this increase in leverage?

BE: There's probably been twice the amount of equity support over and above what the debt support has been. First, the balance sheets have been cleaned up and improved with merger and acquisition (M&A) activity and equity coming in. So, we've really cleaned up the over-leveraged situation weighing on the industry prior to 2006/2007 period. That meant the balance sheets were capable of taking on more debt if it was required for growth. The fact that we're in a historically low interest-rate environment makes leverage economical. You can raise debt capital at rates that are less than what your capital expectations are on the shareholders' side. The cash flow being generated from the oil regimes has allowed the leverage factors to come up. So, we're still in a good healthy debt-to-equity relationship. Again, it's new equity coming into the business that has reduced leverage, allowing clients to go back into their lines of credit when appropriate.

TER: As a banker, do you think of the juniors and the mid caps as being in nearly separate industries? How does the due diligence process for lending vary between these two groups?

BE: To be fair, the only piece that does creep into the smaller ones is the question of whether the company is concentrated into a single resource type that provides less flexibility than a larger-cap, mid-cap or senior producer would have. What running room is in front of them? If they're going to tap out that resource potential, where might they grow to from there? So, that would be one piece that we'd pay particular attention to in smaller entities.

TER: Could rising debt in small- and mid-cap companies be indicative of a bubble?

BE: No, I wouldn't suggest that. If we have a rising debt capacity, it's because the resource type is in fact capable of managing it. When clients get to 40,000–50,000 bpd, they have a capacity, they have a balance sheet and they have an asset base that's considerably varied and diverse. From that point in time, the leverage is managed through a financial covenant regime, which historically, would be a debt:cash flow ratio of 3x. That's the rule of thumb. Junior companies' reserves are expected to support their lines of credit via a borrowing base covenant. The lender takes a forward view of production, commodity prices and burdens, such as royalties and G&A, and lends on a margin of the net present value (NPV) of this calculation. The larger, more-senior companies' historical cash flow serves that purpose. So, it's not a bubble, per se. The reserve-exploitation strategy is being deployed prudently, and the companies are capable of being lent more money.

TER: Asian demand for oil, primarily from China, is expected to continue growing at more than 6% per year, and you are forecasting that crude will remain above $100/barrel (bbl), but choppy over the next few years. Given that 6% growth in Asia, that sounds conservative.

BE: I would agree. It is very conservative. The reality is that we have a lot of unknowns. For the first time in a long time, the OPEC group sitting around the table on June 8, 2011 couldn't come to a consensus on output. I also question whether China will be the real demand driver. What about the other regions—India or Japan, as it rebuilds? I think there's real reason to be conservative in the approach. Some of us have learned from the past, and we don't want to race ahead and provide a more opportunistic, or for that matter, negative view of things.

TER: For the sake of this discussion, assume that crude oil hits $150/bbl over the next five years. Are you and your group positioned to fund renewable or alternative energy production?

BE: We are constantly on the lookout in these areas as energy prices move outside economic boundaries and where, from an economic perspective, alternative energy would be required. Our organization, in particular, has a real penchant for staying on top of these opportunities. We attend most of the alternative energy conferences to find technology that has been proven and has enough equity support to get through testing and the buildout phases. We want to provide whatever support is needed to birth these new industries. It's critical. The changes come quickly, and they are not without risk, but we are excited about the variety of opportunities. So, yes, $150/bbl oil will accelerate this process, but these advancements are coming regardless. So, it's incumbent upon anyone in this business to stay on top of emerging industries in order to participate at the earliest possible opportunity.

TER: The geothermal industry, in some ways, is technologically similar to your current industry segments.

BE: Yes, they're significant. If you look at the geothermal technology being applied, it's been there for quite some time; so, it's not new science. It's a great time to be optimistic for this business.

TER: I notice that 30% of your debt portfolio is utilities and service providers. Just from what you said at SEPAC, it sounds like you're thinking about working with some of these engineering firms to potentially clean out tailing ponds. This could be very important for the development of oil sands.

BE: It's critical. That technology has already been tested and is available to us, but may not be scaled up to total oil sands application today. There's a great expectation that in three to five years, the tailings ponds will be a thing of the past and new technology will enable safe delivery of the waste to a landfill. So, we're paying close attention to those service providers with respect to the new technology. At $60/bbl oil, these weren't economical; but at $90–$110/bbl, these are very economical and are being developed. There is a lot of equity support behind it. We like to be green, we like to be energy efficient and we'd like to get rid of the whole tarnish of dirty oil.

TER: Sticking with the technology theme here for a moment and going back to traditional O&G production, which companies are some of the shining examples of using technology in an innovative and productive way now?

BE: We've seen a real consolidation in the services business to allow for economies of scale. I'd be remiss to point out anyone in particular; but, from a Canadian lens, you could look at the likes of Trican Well Service Ltd. (TSX:TCW), Schlumberger Ltd. (NYSE:SLB) or Calfrac Well Services Ltd. (TSX:CFW) on the oil field-services side.

TER: Great. Do you have any thoughts to leave with our readers?

BE: We think the technology's here to stay. We spend a lot of time dealing with independent, third-party engineering reports to gather expertise. The encouragement we're seeing is based on the new methods of additional recovery—miscible floods or more waterflood work, for example—that allow us either to continue to work on fields or go back into wells that have been suspended, and then apply the new technology. We've seen companies go back downhole and go from a 20% to a 30% recovery stage.

When you look at the total reserves in place across the basin of the North American marketplace, with our newer abilities to manage depletion or do a better job of recovery, it is phenomenally encouraging. These secondary and tertiary recovery methods are being applied today across more of the resource types than we've ever seen before. Think about the past, when we pulled some 15% of reserves out of the ground. Now, move that number to 20% based on new technology. There's phenomenal impact to the entire basin with no drilling or exploration costs associated. There are no above-hole costs. It's simply a downhole application. So, there's less capital expenditure and the impact is significant.

TER: So, if you get an additional 5%, that increases the margin dramatically?

BE: Yes, just phenomenally.

TER: This has been very educational. Thank you very much, Bruce.

BE: Thank you.

Bruce Edgelow is responsible for the leadership and growth of ATB Financial's energy business and capabilities. Before joining ATB, he was a senior Royal banker and has more than 39 years of experience with a focus on the oil and gas industry. Bruce is a Fellow of the Institute of Canadian Bankers, a member of the Calgary Petroleum Club and is a very active participant in community and church activities. Bruce leads a team of over 30 energy-industry professionals making ATB's energy group one of the largest units in Canada. His team specializes in all aspects of the energy market, including oil and gas exploration and production, drilling and oilfield services, pipeline and utilities and midstream. Over the past several years, ATB's energy group has grown to become a significant leader in Alberta, largely due to its focus on developing highly responsive relationships.

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DISCLOSURE:
1) George Mack of The Energy Report conducted this interview. He personally and/or his family own shares of the following companies mentioned in this interview: None.
2) The following companies mentioned in the interview are sponsors of The Energy Report: None.
3) Bruce Edgelow: I personally and/or my family own shares of the following companies mentioned in this interview: None. I personally and/or my family am paid by the following companies mentioned in this interview: None.